Decoding Autism Now
Research Articles
Working papers — under expert review prior to journal submission
Clinical framework · Primary paper
Restoring the Somatostatin Signal in Immune-Dysregulated ASD
Using IMIG, IVIG, and MSC therapy as parallel pathways to neuropeptide cascade recovery. Proposes the three-state SST-14 interneuron model, a six-component adjunctive metabolic support framework, and a biomarker-stratified trial architecture with state-assignment decision algorithm and neuropeptide cascade restoration as the primary endpoint. Includes convergent evidence from Naviaux's cell danger response framework and Morrow's GPT2 mitochondrial research as independent proof-of-concept for the State 2 model. 61 references. Companion to The Anatomy of Autism. Authorship under discussion — under expert review prior to journal submission.
Read the paper → May 2026 · Working document
Systems biology · Foundational paper
The Anatomy of Autism
A systems biology dissection of immune-derived autism presenting a two-layer model: the convergent cascade tracing founding conditions through gut pH dysregulation, immune activation, IDO1, and NF-κB to SST-14 interneuron silencing; and a constitutional susceptibility architecture identifying seven tipping points that determine who the cascade propagates in. Includes the three-state clinical framework, the CREB/CBP/CRE transcriptional suppression mechanism, the estrogen-cAMP sex ratio explanation, and ten testable predictions. Working document — under expert review prior to journal submission.
Read the paper → May 2026 · Working document
Clinical working paper · Protocol framework
The SST-14 Restoration Protocol
A mechanistic framework for SST-14 transcriptional restoration through a sequenced five-month supplement cascade — sulforaphane, NMN/NR, luteolin, fisetin, and forskolin — addressing both NF-κB-mediated CREB suppression and adenosine-driven adenylyl cyclase starvation through convergent but distinct molecular angles. Presented as a companion to IMIG and as a standalone protocol for patients outside trial access. Includes full constitutional susceptibility context, patient selection criteria, and the biological latch mechanism explaining why the protocol requires months rather than weeks. Working paper — May 2026 · Version 3.
Read the paper → May 2026 · Working paper
Published research — peer-reviewed & open access

Peer-reviewed publications directly relevant to the immunoglobulin therapy framework and the molecular mechanisms described in the Biology of Autism suite. All papers are open access.

Immunoglobulin Therapy in ASD
Case report · Published 2024 · Open access
Intramuscular Immunoglobulins as a Therapeutic Modality for Neural Inflammation in Patients with ASD and PANS
Fourie PR, Armstrong JC · Medical Research Archives, Vol 12(9) · September 2024
Case report evaluating IMIG in 7 children with ASD and 5 with PANS treated with monthly intramuscular immunoglobulin injections. Combined parent-rated score 2.9 for ASD and 4.4 for PANS. Side effects minimal. Demonstrates IMIG as a cost-effective alternative to IVIG for managing autoimmune neuroinflammation — the foundational published evidence for the IMIG protocol at the centre of this framework. Dr. Pieter Rousseau Fourie is Principal Investigator for the proposed IMIG controlled pilot trial.
View at journal → DOI: 10.18103/mra.v12i10.5984
Systematic review & meta-analysis · Published 2021 · Open access
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Immunoglobulin G Abnormalities and the Therapeutic Use of IVIG in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rossignol DA, Frye RE · Journal of Personalized Medicine, Vol 11(6) · May 2021
Systematic review of 27 IVIG treatment studies in ASD. Meta-analysis demonstrated large effect sizes for improvements in total aberrant behavior and irritability, and medium effect sizes for hyperactivity and social withdrawal. Documents IgG4 elevation and variable total IgG across ASD subgroups. Provides the foundational evidence base establishing immunoglobulin therapy as a mechanistically grounded intervention for the immune-dysregulated ASD subgroup.
View at journal → DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060488
Mechanistic Foundation Papers
Molecular biology · 1986 · PNAS
Identification of a Cyclic-AMP-Responsive Element within the Rat Somatostatin Gene
Montminy MR et al. · Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83(18):6682–6686
Identified the 8-base CRE sequence (5'-TGACGTCA-3') in the somatostatin gene promoter — the molecular lock that CREB must open to initiate SST-14 transcription. The foundational paper establishing the CREB/CRE mechanism at the core of the cascade model.
PubMed → AoA-1
Molecular biology · 1994 · PNAS
Estrogen Action via the cAMP Signaling Pathway: Stimulation of Adenylate Cyclase and cAMP-Regulated Gene Transcription
Aronica SM, Kraus WL, Katzenellenbogen BS · Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(18):8517–8521
Established non-classical estrogen activation of adenylate cyclase via a membrane receptor pathway — the molecular anchor for the sex ratio explanation in immune-derived autism. Estradiol partially compensates for adenosine-driven cAMP starvation through a Gαi-independent route.
PubMed → AoA-2
Neuroscience · 2017 · Nature
Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes Are Induced by Activated Microglia
Liddelow SA et al. · Nature 541(7638):481–487
Identified the three microglial signals — IL-1α, TNF-α, complement C1q — necessary and sufficient for A1 reactive astrocyte polarization. A1 astrocytes suppress synaptogenesis, withdraw BDNF, and impair glutamate clearance. Established the A1 polarization state as reversible — the mechanistic basis for MSC therapy in State 3 recovery.
PubMed → AoA-4
Neuroscience · 2003 · J Neuroscience
Rapid Signaling of Estrogen in Hypothalamic Neurons Involves a Novel G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor that Activates Protein Kinase C
Qiu J et al. · J Neurosci 23(29):9529–9540
Characterized the complete Gq-mER → Gαq → PLC → DAG → PKCδ → adenylyl cyclase VII → cAMP chain in hypothalamic neurons by single-cell RT-PCR. Identified the receptor as pharmacologically distinct from nuclear ERα/ERβ. Provides the complete molecular pathway of the estrogen back-door electricity supply explaining the four-to-one sex ratio in IDA.
PubMed → AoA-8
Molecular biology · 1986 · J Neuroscience
Cyclic AMP Regulates Somatostatin mRNA Accumulation in Primary Diencephalic Cultures and in Transfected Fibroblast Cells
Montminy MR et al. · J Neurosci 6(6):1171–1176
Demonstrated that cAMP directly drives somatostatin mRNA accumulation in primary hypothalamic cultures — the functional confirmation that cAMP→PKA→CREB→CRE activation produces SST-14 gene transcription. Companion to the PNAS 1986 paper identifying the CRE sequence; together they establish why adenosine-driven cAMP starvation silences SST-14 production.
PubMed → AoA-9
Animal model / optogenetics · 2025 · Mol Autism
SST Interneuron Hypoactivity in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Produces Social Interaction Deficits Rescued by Optogenetic Activation
Wang X et al. · Mol Autism 2025 · DOI: 10.1186/s13229-025-00641-9
Demonstrated that SST-14 interneuron hypoactivity in the mPFC is causally sufficient to produce social interaction deficits — and that optogenetic activation of SST interneurons rescues sociability. The 2025 causal proof that SST-14 interneuron silencing is not merely correlated with but required for the social deficit phenotype of ASD.
View paper → AoA-10
Articles in development
Environment & microbiome
Glyphosate, the Shikimate Pathway, and Tryptophan Depletion
How Roundup disrupts gut microbiome function, depletes tryptophan availability, and feeds directly into the IDO1 cascade — a mechanistic connection with direct implications for the Biology of Autism framework.
Coming soon
Prenatal immune programming
Maternal Immune Activation — the Prenatal Origin of Lifelong Immune Sensitivity
IL-6, IL-17A, and fetal microglial priming. How prenatal immune events establish the inflammatory baseline that persists throughout neurodevelopment and shapes the ASD phenotype.
Coming soon
Neuroendocrine signaling
The Cholinergic-Somatostatin Axis in ASD
The CCK/opioid peptide → somatostatin no-off-switch mechanism, the upstream cholinergic suppression arm, and downstream consequences across seven gut peptides. Companion to Chapter 11 of the core framework.
Coming soon
Detoxification & vaccination
Sulphation, Tylenol, and Vaccination — GAG Pathway Disruption in Susceptible Children
How acetaminophen use around vaccination depletes sulfate availability, disrupts glycosaminoglycan synthesis, and may impair the detoxification capacity needed to clear adjuvant load in susceptible children.
Coming soon
Epidemiology
Amish Autism Rates — What the Population Comparison Actually Tells Us
Microbiome differences, lifestyle, vaccine exposure differential, and what lower observed ASD rates in Amish communities do and don't mean for the biological cascade model.
Coming soon
Hormonal pathways
Birth Control Pills, Estrogen, and the IDO1 Pathway
The metabolic mechanism linking estrogen signaling to IDO1 activity, adenylyl cyclase, and the male-to-female ASD population ratio — why the sex difference in ASD prevalence may be hormonally mediated.
Coming soon
Neurochemistry
Glutamate, GABA, NMDA and AMPA Receptors in ASD
What each receptor system does, how E/I imbalance develops, and how the kynurenine pathway and calcium dysregulation drive excitatory overload in the autism cascade.
Coming soon
Neurodegenerative overlap
Autism and Alzheimer's — Two Sides of a Plasticity Problem
One condition fails to open plasticity or keep it open. The other has plasticity closing prematurely later in life. The shared biology of synaptic remodeling failure and what connects them mechanistically.
Coming soon
Diet & peptide chemistry
Proline Peptides — What Stays Trapped When the Bond Isn't Cleaved
When pepsin cannot break proline bonds at low pH, casomorphin and gliadorphin peptides remain intact. Which amino acids stay trapped, what opioid-like signaling results, and what this means for tryptophan availability, CCK, and the ASD cascade.
Coming soon
Immune signaling & PANS
Elevated Strep Antibodies, Negative Throat Swabs — What Is the Immune System Reacting To?
Persistent anti-streptococcal serology without active infection points to molecular mimicry — the immune system attacking self-tissue that resembles strep antigens. How this connects to basal ganglia autoantibodies, PANS, and immune-triggered regression in ASD.
Coming soon
Articles publish progressively

Each article is written to the same mechanistic standard as the Biology of Autism core suite — peer-reviewed literature, precise pathway framing, and accessible language for families, clinicians, and researchers. To follow progress or reach out about a specific topic, contact quay@decodingautismnow.com. The core Biology of Autism suite is available now at decodingautismnow.com.